A glove (Middle English Middle English is the name given by historical linguists to the diverse forms of the English language in use between the late 11th century and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the late 1470s from Old English Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon glof) is a garment A feature of all modern human societies is the wearing of clothing, a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking, by providing a barrier between the skin covering the hand A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered body part located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates and some[which?] other vertebrates. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger A finger is a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates. Normally humans have five digits, termed phalanges, on each hand . The first digit is the thumb, followed by index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or pinky. Some other languages use the same generic term for and the thumb The thumb is the first digit of the hand. When a person is standing in the medical anatomical position , the thumb is the lateral-most digit. The Medical Latin English adjective for thumb is pollical; if there is an opening but no covering sheath for each finger they are called "fingerless gloves". Fingerless gloves with one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes called gauntlets Gauntlet is a name for several different styles of glove, particularly those with an extended cuff covering part of the forearm. Gauntlets exist in many forms, ranging from flexible fabric and leather gloves, to chainmail and fully-articulated plate armour. Gloves which cover the entire hand but do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens. Mittens are warmer than gloves made of the same material because fingers maintain their warmth better when they are in contact with each other. Reduced surface area reduces heat In physics and thermodynamics, heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system to another due to thermal contact, which in turn is defined as an energy transfer to a body in any other way than due to work performed on the body loss.

A hybrid of glove and mitten which contains open-ended sheaths for the four fingers (as in a fingerless glove, but not the thumb) and also an additional compartment encapsulating the four fingers as a mitten would. This compartment can be lifted off the fingers and folded back to allow the individual fingers ease of movement and access while the hand remains covered. The usual design is for the mitten cavity to be stitched onto the back of the fingerless glove only, allowing it to be flipped over (normally held back by Velcro Velcro is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners. It consists of two layers: a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces or a button) to transform the garment from a mitten to a glove. These hybrids are called convertible mittens or glittens, a combination of "glove" and "mittens".

Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or chemicals, and disease; or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch. Latex Latex as found in nature is a milky sap-like fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants . It is a complex emulsion consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums that coagulates on exposure to air. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or, nitrile rubber Nitrile rubber, or Buna-N, is a synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Some trade names are: Nipol, Krynac and Europrene or vinyl A vinyl compound is any organic compound that contains a vinyl group . Vinyl groups (formula −C disposable gloves are often worn by health care professionals For purposes of finance and management, the healthcare industry is typically divided into several groups and sectors. The Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark divide the industry into two main groups: health care equipment & services and (2) pharmaceuticals, biotechnology & related life sciences as hygiene and contamination protection measures. Police officers often wear them to work in crime scenes to prevent destroying evidence Evidence in its broadest sense includes everything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertion. Giving or procuring evidence is the process of using those things that are either presumed to be true, or (b) were themselves proven via evidence, to demonstrate an assertion's truth. Evidence is the currency by which one fulfills in the scene. Many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar , digits (fingers and toes), or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are, which makes the crime investigation more difficult. However, not all gloves prevent fingerprints from being left on the crime scene, depending on the material from which the glove is made.^[1]

Fingerless gloves are useful where dexterity Fine motor skills are the coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g., in the fingers, usually in coordination with the eyes. In application to motor skills of hands the term dexterity is commonly used is required that gloves would restrict. Cigarette A cigarette is a small roll of finely-cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and other additives smokers Tobacco smoking is the practice where tobacco is burned and the vapors either tasted or inhaled. The practice began as early as 5000–3000 BC. Many civilizations burnt incense during religious rituals, which was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool. Tobacco was introduced to the Old World in the late 1500s where it followed common trade and church Christian Church and church (Greek kyriakon , "thing belonging to the Lord"; also ekklesia (ἐκκλησία) (Latinized as ecclesia, "assembly") are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a place of worship. In the phenomenological sense there are many such associations of people that call themselves organists An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgical music use fingerless gloves. Some gloves include a gauntlet Gauntlet is a name for several different styles of glove, particularly those with an extended cuff covering part of the forearm. Gauntlets exist in many forms, ranging from flexible fabric and leather gloves, to chainmail and fully-articulated plate armour that extends partway up the arm. Cycling gloves Gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary when cycling in cold weather. The design of most modern bicycles is such that the rider's hands remain on the handlebars while cycling, a position that leaves them exposed to weather. The hands are also relatively inactive, and do not have a great deal of for road racing or touring are usually fingerless, as are sailing gloves.

Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felted Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing woollen fibres. While some types of felt are very soft, some are tough enough to form construction materials. Felt can be of any colour, and made into any shape or size wool, leather, rubber, latex Latex as found in nature is a milky sap-like fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants . It is a complex emulsion consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums that coagulates on exposure to air. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or, neoprene Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene in general has good chemical stability, and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range. It is used in a wide variety of applications, such as laptop sleeves, orthopedic braces , electrical insulation, liquid and sheet, and metal (as in mail The word itself refers to the armour material, not the garment made from it. A shirt made from mail is a hauberk if knee-length, haubergeon if mid-thigh length, and byrnie if waist-length. Mail leggings are called chausses, mail hoods coif and mail mittens mitons. A mail collar hanging from a helmet is camail or aventail. A mail collar worn). Gloves of kevlar Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed at DuPont in 1965, this high strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or protect the wearer from cuts. Gloves and gauntlets are integral components of pressure suits A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure. Such suits may be either full-pressure or partial-pressure (as used by air crew). Partial-pressure suits work by providing mechanical and spacesuits A space suit is a complex system of garments, equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. This applies to extra-vehicular activity outside spacecraft orbiting Earth, and has applied to walking, and riding the Lunar Rover, on the Moon such as the Apollo/Skylab A7L The A7L Apollo & Skylab spacesuit is the primary pressure suit worn by NASA astronauts for Project Apollo, the three manned Skylab flights, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project between 1968 and the termination of the Apollo program in 1975. The "A7L" designation is used by NASA as the seventh Apollo spacesuit designed and built by ILC which went to the moon. Spacesuit gloves combine toughness and environmental protection with a degree of sensitivity and flexibility.

Expensive women's fashion gloves are made in France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian,, Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three and other countries. For cheaper male gloves New York State New York City, which is geographically the largest city in the state and most populous in the United States, is known for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States and its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, it is also a destination of choice, especially Gloversville, New York Gloversville is a city in Fulton County, New York, that was once the hub of America's glovemaking industry with over two hundred manufacturers in Gloversville and Johnstown. In 2000, Gloversville had a population of 15,413 is a center of glove manufacturing. More and more glove manufacturing is being done in East Asia, however.

History

Gloves appear to be of great antiquity. According to some translations of Homer Homer is a legendary ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The ancient Greeks generally believed that Homer was an historical individual, but most scholars are skeptical: no reliable biographical information has been handed down from classical antiquity, and the poems themselves's The Odyssey, Laërtes In Greek mythology, Laërtes was the son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa. He was the father of Odysseus (who was thus called Laertiades, Λαερτιάδης) and Ctimene by his wife Anticlea, daughter of the thief Autolycus. Laërtes was an Argonaut and participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. Laërtes's title was King of the Cephallenians, is described as wearing gloves while walking in his garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display so as to avoid the brambles Brambles are thorny plants of the genus Rubus, in the rose family . Bramble fruit is the fruit of any such plant, including the blackberry and raspberry. The word comes from Germanic *bram-bezi, whence also German Brombeere and French framboise. In popular UK usage the term primarily refers to the blackberry bush; in Scotland and the north of.^[2] (Other translations, however, insist that Laertes pulled his long sleeves over his hands.) Herodotus Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (c. 484 BC – c. 425 BC). He was born in Caria, Halicarnassus (modern day Bodrum, Turkey). He is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture. He was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain, in The History of Herodotus (440 BC), tells how Leotychides was incriminated by a glove (gauntlet Gauntlet is a name for several different styles of glove, particularly those with an extended cuff covering part of the forearm. Gauntlets exist in many forms, ranging from flexible fabric and leather gloves, to chainmail and fully-articulated plate armour) full of silver Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and that he received as a bribe.^[3] Among the Romans also there are occasional references to the use of gloves. According to Pliny the Younger Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo , better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August 79 AD, the day of the elder's death.[citation (ca. 100), his uncle's shorthand writer wore gloves during the winter so as not to impede the elder Pliny's Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an work.^[4]

During the 13th century, gloves began to be worn by ladies The word lady is a polite term for a woman, specifically the female equivalent to, or spouse of, a lord or gentleman, and in many contexts a term for any adult woman. Once relating specifically to women of high social class or status, over the last 300 years it has spread to embrace all adult women, though in some contexts may still be used to as a fashion ornament Fashion, a general term for the style and custom prevalent at a given time, in its most common usage refers to costume or clothing style. The more technical term, costume, has become so linked in the public eye with the term "fashion" that the more general term "costume" has in popular use mostly been relegated to special.^[2] They were made of linen and silk, and sometimes reached to the elbow.^[2] Such worldly accoutrements were not for holy women, according to the early thirteenth-century Ancrene Wisse Ancrene Wisse or Guide for Anchoresses is a monastic rule (or manual) for anchoresses, perhaps written in the late 12th century to early 13th century. 'Ancrene Wisse' was originally written for three 'sisters' who chose to enter the contemplative life. 'Ancrene Wisse' is made up of eight Parts: Parts 1 and 8 deal with what is called the ", written for their guidance.^[5] Sumptuary laws Sumptuary laws are laws that attempt to regulate habits of consumption. Black's Law Dictionary defines them as "Laws made for the purpose of restraining luxury or extravagance, particularly against inordinate expenditures in the matter of apparel, food, furniture, etc.". Traditionally, they were laws that regulated and reinforced social were promulgated to restrain this vanity: against samite Samite was a luxurious and heavy silk fabric worn in the Middle Ages, of a twill-type weave, often including gold or silver thread. The word was derived from Old French samit, from medieval Latin samitum, examitum deriving from the Byzantine Greek hexamiton, indicating the use of six varying yarns in the warp. Samite is still used in gloves in Bologna, 1294, against perfumed gloves in Rome, 1560.^[6]

A Paris corporation or guild A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel and a secret society. They often depended on grants of letters patent by an authority or monarch to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed of glovers (gantiers) existed from the thirteenth century. They made them in skin or in fur.^[7]

It was not until the 16th century that they reached their greatest elaboration, however, when Queen Elizabeth I set the fashion for wearing them richly embroidered and jewelled,^[2] and for putting them on and taking them off during audiences, to draw attention to her beautiful hands.^[8] In Paris, the gantiers became gantiers parfumeurs, for the scented oils, musk, ambergris and civet, that perfumed leather gloves, but their trade, which was an introduction at the court of Catherine de Medici,^[9] was not specifically recognised until 1656, in a royal brevet. Makers of knitted gloves, which did not retain perfume and had less social cachet, were organised in a separate guild, of bonnetiers^[10] who might knit silk as well as wool. Such workers were already organised in the fourteenth century. Knitted gloves were a refined handiwork that required five years of apprenticeship; defective work was subject to confiscation and burning.^[11]

Embroidered and jewelled gloves also formed part of the insignia of emperors and kings. Thus Matthew of Paris, in recording the burial of Henry II of England in 1189, mentions that he was buried in his coronation robes with a golden crown on his head and gloves on his hands.^[2] Gloves were also found on the hands of King John when his tomb was opened in 1797 and on those of King Edward I when his tomb was opened in 1774.^[2]

Pontifical gloves are liturgical ornaments used primarily by the pope, the cardinals, and bishops.^[2] They may be worn only at the celebration of mass.^[2] The liturgical use of gloves has not been traced beyond the beginning of the 10th century, and their introduction may have been due to a simple desire to keep the hands clean for the holy mysteries, but others suggest that they were adopted as part of the increasing pomp with which the Carolingian bishops were surrounding themselves.^[2] From the Frankish kingdom the custom spread to Rome, where liturgical gloves are first heard of in the earlier half of the 11th century.^[2]

Latex gloves, ubiquitous in surgery and forensics, were developed by the Australian Ansell company.^{[citation needed]}

Types of glove

Commercial and industrial

• Barbed wire handler's gloves
• Chainsaw gloves
• Fireman's gauntlets
• Disposable gloves
• Medical gloves
• Welder's gloves
• Aircrew gloves: fire resistant
• Sandblasting gloves
• Gardening gloves
• Impact protection gloves
• Rubber gloves
• Chainmail gloves are used by butchers, scuba divers, woodcutters and police
• Food service gloves
• Cutresistant gloves

Sport and recreational

• American football various position gloves
• Archer's glove
• Baseball glove or catcher's mitt: in baseball, the players in the field wear gloves to help them catch the ball and prevent injury to their hands.
• Billiards glove
• Boxing gloves: a specialized padded mitten
• Cricket gloves
  • The wicket keeper wears large webbed gloves.
  • The batsmen wear gloves with heavy padding on the back, to protect the fingers in case of being struck with the ball.
• Cycling gloves
• Driving gloves - often leather to improve grip on the steering wheel.
• Football - Goalkeeper glove
• fencing glove
• Falconry glove
• Gardening glove
• Golf glove
• Ice hockey mitt
• Riding gloves
• Lacrosse gloves
• Kendo Kote
• Paintball Glove
• Motorcycling gloves
• Scuba diving gloves :
  • cotton gloves; good abrasion but no thermal protection
  • wet gloves; made of neoprene and allowing water entry
  • dry gloves; made of rubber with a latex wrist seal to prevent water entry
• Underwater Hockey gloves - with protective padding, usually of silicone rubber or latex, across the back of the fingers and knuckles to protect from impact with the puck; usually only one, either left- or right-hand, is worn depending on which is the playing hand.
• Webbed gloves - A swim training device or swimming aid.
• Weightlifting gloves
• Wired glove
  • Power Glove - an alternate controller for use with the Nintendo Entertainment System
• Oven gloves - or Oven mitts, are used when cooking
• Washing glove: a tool for washing the body (one's own, or of a child, a patient, a lover).
• Wheelchair gloves - for users of manual Wheelchairs

Fashion

Western lady's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths: wrist ("matinee"), elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, reaching to the biceps). Some expensive gloves are made of kid leather. Satin and stretch satin are popular and mass-produced. Some women wear gloves as part of "dressy" outfits, such as for church and weddings. Long white gloves are common accessories for teenage girls attending formal events such as prom, cotillion, or formal ceremonies at church such as confirmation.

Fingerless gloves

Fingerless gloves or "glovelettes" are garments worn on the hands which resemble regular gloves in most ways, except that the finger columns are half-length and opened, allowing the top-half of the wearer's fingers to be shown.

These type of gloves can also be known as "hobo gloves" or "bum-gloves" due to their popularity among Hollywood stereotypical homeless people.^{[citation needed]}

Fingerless gloves are often padded in the palm area, to provide protection to the hand, and the exposed fingers do not interfere with sensation or gripping. In contrast to traditional gloves, often worn for warmth, fingerless gloves will often have a ventilated back to allow the hands to cool; this is commonly seen in weightlifting gloves.

Fingerless gloves are also worn by bikers as a means to better grip the handlebars, as well as by skateboarders and rollerbladers, to protect the palms of the hands and add grip in the event of a fall. Some anglers, particularly fly fishermen, favour fingerless gloves to allow manipulation of line and tackle in cooler conditions.

Fingerless gloves are usually leather and have a distinct appearance. Much like rocker jackets, they are sometimes worn by people who wish to display a certain sense of rebellion, recklessness, "toughness" or general disregard for the standards of society (such as John Bender in The Breakfast Club). This is why they are quite common in heavy metal and punk fashion, for example Billy Idol, and are sometimes decorated with metal studs or spikes. Some non-conformist individuals, notably Michael Jackson, would wear a single glove on one hand leaving the other hand glove-less.

A woolen variety became popular in the early 1980s, largely due to the example of English pop star Nik Kershaw.

Mittens

Gloves which cover the entire hand but do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens. Generally, mittens still separate the thumb from the other four fingers. They are mostly woollen, and many of them have different colours and designs. Mittens may also be called "fingerless gloves" because of the lack of separate fingers when the user wears them, not to be confused with gloves that are cut so that the fingers are not covered.

The earliest mittens known to archeologists date to around 1000AD^[12] in Latvia. Mittens continue to be part of Latvian national costume today.^[13] Wool biodegrades quickly, so it is likely that earlier mittens, possibly in other countries, may have existed but were not preserved. Many people around the Arctic Circle have used mittens, including other Baltic peoples, Native Americans^[14] and Vikings.^[15]

Idiot mittens describes two mittens connected by a length of yarn, string or lace, threaded through the sleeves of a coat. This arrangement is typically provided for small children to prevent the mittens becoming discarded and lost; when removed, the mittens simply dangle from the cuffs.^[16][17]

Scratch mitts refers to mittens which do not separate the thumb, and are designed to prevent babies who do not yet have fine motor control from scratching their face.^[18][19]

Standards

There are a number of different European standards that relate to gloves. These include:

• BS EN388- Mechanical hazards including Abrasion, cut, tear and puncture.
• BS EN388:2003 - Protective Against Mechanical Rist (Abrasion/Blade Cut Resistance/Tear Resistance/Abrasion Resistance)
• BS EN374-1:2003 Protective Against Chemical And Micro-Organisms
• BS EN374-2- Micro-organisms
• BS EN374-3- Chemicals
• BS EN420- General requirements for gloves includes sizing and a number of health and safety aspects including latex protein and chromium levels.
• BS EN60903- Electric shock
• BS EN407- Heat resistance
• BS EN511- Cold resistance
• BS EN1149- Antistatic

These exist to fulfill the PPE requirements.

PPE places gloves into three categories:

• Minimal risk - End user can easily identify risk. Risk is low.
• Complex design- Used situations that can cause serious injury or death.
• Intermediate - Gloves that don't fit into minimal risk or complex design categories.

References

1. ^ CSI Experience Forensic Science Service: Fingerprinting
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Gloves." Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
3. ^ "The History of Herodotus by Herodotus, Volume VI, at". Classics.mit.edu. http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.6.vi.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
4. ^ "Pliny the Younger: Selected Letters". Fordham.edu. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pliny-letters.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
5. ^ J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Ancrene Wisse, 8. The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle: Ancrene Wisse (Early English Text Society, CCXLIX) London 1962, noted by Diane Bornstein, The Lady in the Tower (Hamden, Connecticut) 1983:25 note 4.
6. ^ Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, "Coquette at the Cross? Magdalen in the Master of the Bartholomew Altar's Deposition at the Louvre" Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 59.4 (1996:573-577) assembles numerous historical references to gloves, with bibliography.
7. ^ Étienne-Martin Saint-Léon, Histoire des corporation de métiers depuis leurs origines jusqu'à leur suppression en 1791 (Paris) 1922, noted by Boyle 1996:174:10.
8. ^ Roy C. Strong, Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (Oxford) 1963:18f.
9. ^ Charles VIII of France received some gloves that were scented with powder of violet, but they were not of French making (Boyle 1996:174).
10. ^ In the earliest usage, bonnet was the woollen thread worked by hand with the needle or a spindle (Boyle 1996:174).
11. ^ Boyle 1996:174
12. ^ "NATO Summit 2006". Rigasummit.lv. 2006-12-15. http://www.rigasummit.lv/en/id/cats/nid/697/. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
13. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: National Costume". Am.gov.lv. http://www.am.gov.lv/en/latvia/about/symbols/Costume/. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
14. ^ "Native American Mittens & Gloves". NativeTech. http://www.nativetech.org/clothing/mittens/. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
15. ^ "Viking Garment Construction". Cs.vassar.edu. http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~capriest/vikgarment.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
16. ^ "idiot mittens definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta". Encarta.msn.com. http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561547270/idiot_mittens.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
17. ^ "Victorian trading Co. - www.victoriantradingco.com - Idiot Mittens". www.victoriantradingco.com. http://www.victoriantradingco.com/store/catalogimages/21v/i862.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
18. ^ "Baby Scratch Mitts pattern - Crochet 'N' More". Crochetnmore.com. http://www.crochetnmore.com/babyscratchmitts.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
19. ^ "Baby Scratch Mitts". John Lewis. 2008-08-19. http://www.johnlewis.com/230591843/Product.aspx. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

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